The National Gardens, Zappion, Panathenaic Stadium and the Temple of Olympian Zeus

The National Gardens of Athens is the best place to escape the city and with the areas of the Plaka, Acropolis, Thission, Monastiraki and Psiri all connected by pedestrian streets and parks you barely have to go through Athens to get there.

Behind the Tomb of the Unknown soldier on Amalias street, at the top of

In what used to be the private garden of the king an event took place that changed the course of history for Greece and made it what it is today, a small country in the eastern Mediterranean, instead of a large country spread over two continents with its capital in Constantinople. This event was a the bite of a monkey.

After the first world war things were looking up for Greece. The Germans had been defeated and Turkey which had been allied with them, was falling apart. Under Eleftherios Venizelos, Greece's greatest statesmen and one of the most intelligent and respected leaders in Europe, the country had tripled in size and it's army controlled Smyrna on the coast of Asia Minor, an international city full of Greeks who had lived there for thousands of years, as well as many other towns on the coast which were also full of Greeks. The Greek army had the support of the European powers and what was left of the Turkish army was disorganized and on the run. It seemed that Greece would achieve it's dream of the megalo idea: the Great Idea, a greater Greece with it's capital in Constantinople (Istanbul): A second Byzantine Empire. Then on Sept 30th 1920, while walking in the gardens, King Alexander was bitten by a monkey. He died three weeks later. His brother Constantine, a Germano-phile who was unpopular with the European powers, returned to Greece and in elections the Royalists triumphed over the Venizelists.

To make a long story short, the king removed the Venizelists officers from the army just about when the European powers withdrew their support. The French, sensing a change in the winds, began to supply weapons to the young Turks, led by Mustapha Kemal, also known as Attaturk . The Greek army overextended in an ill-advised plan to take Ankara was soundly routed and retreated back to the coast of the Aegean sea bringing with them every Greek from every village, who feared retribution by the Turkish army in hot pursuit. Smyrna was burned to the ground and thousands of Greeks and Armenians were massacred while the British, French, Russian and US Navy just watched from the harbor, waiting to do business with the new Turkish Government. The burning of Smyrna and the evacuation of a million and a half Greeks and Armenians put an end to three thousand years of Hellenic and Christian civilization in Asia Minor and their flood into Athens and the cities and towns of Greece created a refugee problem beyond the scope of any country, much less a small poor one like Greece. Even today the neighborhoods created to house these refugees like Nea Smynri and Kokinia, still have a character of their own.

All because of a monkey bite!

It should be mentioned that the monkey that bit the king was someone's pet monkey. There are no wild monkeys in Greece or in the National Garden and you are in no danger of being bitten.
(For more see my History of Greece.)

But in the National gardens you can forget about history and wars and the ills of modern society and take in the plants, flowers and trees that have been collected from all over the world. There is even a botanical museum on the grounds. In the old days the gates of the park were locked and the people of Athens could only stroll around Zappion, the gardens being the realm of the king and his family. Now it belongs to the people which is as it should be. There is also a small zoo featuring wolves from Bulgaria, strange antelope like creatures, monkeys, peacocks, hawks, buzzards, a lion, parakeets, canaries and goats, all sharing their cages with the ducks. (Be sure to see the real Athens Zoo too)

You can walk along the paths admiring the exotic fauna and the ducks. There is even a small cafe near the Irodou Atikou street called O Kypos where you can get a nice frappe, an ouzo and mezedes, and enjoy the afternoon while you feed your leftovers to the ducks who come to your table begging for food. 

There is also a very nice duck pond where you can feed them but be careful that you don't become a meal yourself. We always save our bread from lunch to bring here, or you can buy doughnuts (koulouria) from a little man near the large pond.

Yes the National gardens has become over-run with ducks. But if you are going to be over-run with any animals ducks are a good one. They are good-natured, sort of friendly, comical and generally well-mannered.

I suppose that the only question now is how long will it be before the ducks begin invading other parts of the city. How long will they be contained by the walls of the National Garden? I envision a time when the ducks will be wandering through the ancient agora and even up on the Acropolis. Not that this is a bad thing, but where will it end?

Besides the ducks there is also a water turtle population that seems to be on it's way to getting out of control and space has become so hard to find they have begun stacking themselves. While less of a problem than the ducks because of their inability to escape the National gardens or even their pond, the abundance of these turtles raises this interesting question. Are these the same turtles that used to be sold in pet stores in America with little plastic palm trees? And if they are why did they leave America and come here? The good news is that according to the US Dept of Agriculture in their travelers tips pamphlet, any American can import up to six turtles as long as the shells are 4 inches long and they are for personal use as pets and not for commercial purposes. But don't grab one of these or you may get arrested. These turtles are property of the Greek state. That goes for the ducks too.

There is also a playground for kids with swings and see-saws and other fun devices which can be used as a reward for good behavior!

The Evzones and the Former King's Palace

If you walk out to Irodou Atikou Street on your left is the camp of the Evzones, who guard the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and what was once the King's Palace across the street. It's now the home of the Prime Minister, (though they say he prefers hisapartment). The palace was built by Ernst Ziller who had designed many of the buildings in the new city of Athens in the late 1800s. Instructed to build a small palace for Prince Constantine and his bride Sophia, the princess was so unhappy with the results she fired him because it was too small. Ziller died broke on Solonos Street though he has certainly left his mark on Athens and all over Greece.

Evzone means well belted and the termgoes back to Homer to describe soldiers known for their fighting ability. They were founded in 1824 during the war for Independence and in 1864 became the elite troops of the Greek army. The kilt they wear is called a fustanella and were worn by the klefts , the freedom fighters who fought the Turks in the war for Independence. There are about 200 evzones and they are chosen from among the soldiers for their height and charactor. Among their duties are guarding the Presidential Mansion, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Every Sunday at 11 they ceremoniously change the guard) and raising and lowering the flag of the acropolis. During Easter they have a celebration at the Evzone camp with roast lamb and wine and if you are wandering around lonely and friendless on Easter Sunday maybe they will invite you in. My mother-in-law went to this party and she and an evzone fell in love with each other and she wrote a book about it that she has been trying to get published for years. It is very romantic and would make a great movie!

If you walk up the street you will come to Vassilias Sophias street and the Benaki Museum and further up the hill is Kokonaki Square . If you take a right on Vassilias Sophias street you can visit the Byzantine Museum and the War Museum next door to each other. See Museums

If you walk downhill on Irodou Attikou you will pass Zappion on the right where in the summer you can see puppet theater (Karagiosis) and other forms of entertainment at the large outdoor cafe. Some summers they have outdoor movies here. This area is a popular place for Athenians to stroll and sit when the weather is nice. The Zappion is used as an exhibition hall and for official events so take a look inside and see if there is anything going on. There are park benches and a couple cafes in the area between Irodou Attikou and Amalias street. The Zappion was built in 1878 and donated to the nation by the Zappas brothers from Ipirus. This building was the first to hold an indoor Olympic event, in the 1896 Olympics. In fact even though credit as the founder of the modern Olympics goes to Pierre de Coubertin, and his name is mentioned in every Olympic ceremony and in the media, in truth, Coubertin only founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The founders of the modern Olympics were three people. In 1833 Panagiotis Soutsos wrote about the revival of the Olympic Games in his poetry 'Dialogue of the Dead'. In 1850 Dr William Penny Brookes founded annual games in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, UK. In 1856 Evangelis Zappas wrote to King Otto of Greece offering to fund the revival of the Olympic Games. The first modern international Olympic Games were held in Platia Kotzia, Athens in 1859, sponsored by Zappas. In 1870, when Coubertin was just seven years old, the first modern Olympics to be held in a stadium took place in the ancient Panathenaic stadium (below) of Athens which had been rebuilt by Zappas. So the Zappion building is an important place to visit and acknowlege the true founder of the Modern Olympics, even if the International Olympic Committee does not want to.

Henry Miller wrote about the National Gardens in 1939:

"It remains in my memory like no other park I have known. It is the quintessence of a park, the thing one feels sometimes in looking at a canvas or dreaming of a place one would like to be in and never finds.

Seeing lovers sitting there in the dark, drinking water, sitting there in peace and quiet talking in low tones gave me a wonderful feeling about the Greek character. The dust the heat, the poverty, the bareness, the contentedness of the people, and the water everywhere in little tumblers standing between the quiet, peaceful couples, gave me a feeling that there was something holy about the place, something nourishing and sustaining"
- from Inventing Paradise:The Greek Journey 1937-47 by Edmund Keeley (see books )

The dust and the poverty is gone and unless you are there in July or August, the heat may be missing as well. But the cafe at Zappion is a wonderful place to be any evening or day and walking the pathways of the park and auto-free roads around the Zappion is a pleasant way to escape the city at any time of day or year.  

Panathinaiko Stadium

Across the street from Zappion is the Panathinaiko Olympic Stadium rebuilt entirely of marble in 1896 for the first modern Olympics by Evangelis Zappas and George Averoff, though the stadium was actually rescued from antiquity and previously restored in 1870, also by Zappas. The stadium was originally built in the 330 BC for the Panathenaic contests. In the Roman period it is said that 1000 wild animals were slaughtered here to celebrate the inauguration of the Emperor Hadrian in 120 AD. The Stadium sits in a hollow of Arditos Hill and you can climb to the top for some really great views of the Acropolis and Mount Lykavettos and a walk from one end to the other should be all the exercise you need for one day. On sunny days there are usually lots of people here, mostly children playing ball, some athletes practicing and many people hanging out at the cafe near the entrance. The stadium can seat 50,000 people. I saw the Harlem Globetrotters here in 1971. There is a jogging track on the hill which surrounds it but if you want some real exercise just run up and down the steps a couple times and you will easily burn off last nights meal. See also my Panathinaiko Olympic Stadium page for more photos and information.

When you cross the street from the National gardens and the Zappion you are actually crossing the Illissos River which is underneath the traffic, making its way to the sea as it has for aeons, though now a little dirtier. In the 18th century girls left offerings in a certain spot on the shore, close to the entrance of the stadium, to assure themeslves of getting a good husband. According to Pausanias there was a statue of Venus nearby. There is a plan to raise the river and put the traffic underground that will make the city even more appealing should they actually do it. But even if they don't this area around the National Gardens is worth spending time in, especially if you have children. If you have a soft spot in your heart for ducks you will be particularly happy here.

The area to the right of the stadium on the pine-covered Arditos Hill is called Mets, named for a Bavarian beer hall that was built here in 1870. It was also known as the Pandremenadika or the getting married place after the 60 year courtship of an 80 year old man named Yiannis Marinos to his 75 year old bride in a marriage that took place here. Later it was known for the many bordelos. Now it is home to the Athens Centre Greek Language School, several tavernas and bars including the Half Note Jazz Club which is right across the square from Athens First Cemetery, the resting place of  the most well known people in modern Greek history, music, art and culture and an amazing place to wander through with its tree-shaded lanes and magnificent monuments.

Temple of Olympian Zeus

If you walk back, towards the Zappion building you will pass the Temple of Olympian Zeus the largest of the ancient Greek temples, one of the first to be concieved and the last to be completed.  Started during the 6th Century BC by Peisistratos it was not finished until 131 AD by the Emperor Hadrian who ruled the city during the Roman period  over700 years later. It must be inspected up close to really appreciate just how big it actually was. Originally there were 104 Corinthian columns of which only 15 remain standing. One of the columns actually blew down in a storm in 1852. In the period that followed Greek Independence the area was the site for the original celebration of what we now call Apokreas which many of us know as carnival, as practiced in places like New Orleans and Rio de Janairo and modern day Athens. In the early 1800s a stylite (a group of ascetics who spent long periods sitting or standing on top of pillars or columns. The word comes from the Greek stylos for column.) built his dwelling on top of one of the columns of the temple and it can be seen in early paintings and drawings.

Nearby is the Arch of Hadrian which was erected in 132 AD as a gate between the ancient city and the Roman city of Athens.

When you leave the temple of Zeus you can cross Amalias and you will eventually come back to the Plaka